In an effort to prevent high-income parents from exploiting tax benefits by shifting their investment income to their children, who typically fall into lower tax brackets, the U.S. Congress introduced the “Kiddie Tax” in 1986. While not officially termed as such in the tax code, the Kiddie Tax effectively applies higher tax rates to the unearned income of certain children. This article digs into the rules of Kiddie Tax. Specifically who this rule affects, the rules governing it, and strategies for managing its impact.
The Kiddie Tax applies to the unearned income of children under the age of 19. Also, for children under 24 for full-time students, provided they are not self-supporting. Unearned income includes, but is not limited to, dividends, interest, and capital gains. It’s important to note that if a child is married or neither parent is alive at the end of the tax year, these rules do not apply. In these circumstances, the child’s income is taxed at their own rate.
Exceptions to the Rule
There are specific exceptions to this tax that can exempt a child’s income from being taxed at the parent’s rate. For instance, if a child’s unearned income is less than a certain threshold, which for 2024 is $1,300, it is not subject to the Kiddie Tax. Additionally, earned income, which is income from employment, is taxed at the child’s rate and benefits from the standard deduction, significantly reducing the tax liability for working children.
Understanding the Kiddie Tax Rules
For 2024, the first $1,300 of a child’s unearned income is tax-free, and the next $1,300 is taxed at the child’s rate. However, any unearned income over $2,600 is taxed at the higher of the child’s tax rate or the parents’ rate, which can be as high as 37%. These thresholds are annually adjusted for inflation.
Strategies for Children with Earned Income
Children with earned income (income from working) have the opportunity to leverage the standard deduction to offset their taxable income. For 2024, the standard deduction for a single individual is $14,600, allowing a child to earn up to this amount tax-free. Furthermore, children can contribute to a traditional IRA, up to the lesser of their earned income or $7,000 for 2024, potentially increasing their tax-free earnings to $21,600.
Children may be reluctant to contribute their hard-earned income to an IRA. In this case, parents or grandparents may consider gifting the child the IRA contribution to encourage savings for retirement. Also, if an IRA contribution is made, consider a Roth IRA which provides tax free income at retirement. The downside of a Roth is that the contribution isn’t tax deductible. This means a child’s tax-free earnings would be limited to the standard deduction amount. Even so, the tax the child would pay on the nondeductible contribution would likely be at the 10% rate. Overall, this is probably lower than what the child’s tax rate will be when they retire.
Parental Election to Include Child’s Unearned Income
In some cases, it may be beneficial for parents to include their child’s interest and dividend income on their own tax return, rather than having the child file a separate return. This election is only available if the child’s income consists solely of interest and dividends. Also the parents meet certain conditions, such as filing a joint return. In these situations, the child will not be required to file their own return. However, careful consideration should be given to which method produces the least tax on the unearned income.
Strategies to Avoid the Kiddie Tax
There are several strategies parents and guardians can employ to minimize the impact of the Kiddie Tax. One approach is to invest in growth stocks or mutual funds that do not pay dividends. This defers the recognition of income until the child is no longer subject to the Tax. Another strategy is to contribute to a 529 college savings plan. This strategy offers tax-free growth and withdrawals for qualified education expenses, effectively bypassing the Tax.
The Kiddie Tax represents a significant consideration for families planning their investment and tax strategies. Understanding the rules and exceptions of the Kiddie Tax is crucial for minimizing its impact on both parents and children. By employing strategic planning and taking advantage of available tax benefits, families can navigate the complexities of the Kiddie Tax and ensure their investment income is taxed in the most advantageous manner possible.
Contact this office for assistance in dealing with and planning for the Kiddie Tax.
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